Networking and Communication

Network and communication is a transmitter station and a receiver station make up a communication system. Communication networks are groups of stations that can both receive and transmit information, and they also have the ability to act as relays for information that is being sent from one station to another.

Network and communication using a combination of infrared light signals, radio wave broadcasts, telephone lines, television cables, and satellite links, a computer network connects computers to one another. In order for processes running on host computers to comprehend the signals they receive and participate in meaningful “conversations” in order to carry out activities on behalf of users, computer scientists have had to design protocols (standardized rules for the format and exchange of messages). The flow management feature of network protocols ensures that data.

Distributed systems, where machines connected by a network share data and processing responsibilities, were also produced by the development of networks and communication protocols. A distributed database system, for instance, replicates (or distributes) a database over various network nodes. The availability and dependability of data can be increase by replicating it at “mirror locations.” A distributed DBMS is a type of database management system that controls a database whose elements are disperse across a network of computers.

Introduction:

The terms “network” and “communication” describe the interconnected systems and objects that allow data and information to be transfer between numerous endpoints. Hardware equipment like computers, routers, switches, and modems, as well as software protocols that control the transfer of data between these devices, make up the core parts of a network and communication system.

Many types of networks, including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wireless networks, can be distinguish (Wi-Fi and cellular networks). By creating a standard language and set of guidelines for data exchange, communication protocols like TCP/IP and HTTP make it possible for devices to connect with one another.

The emergence of sophisticated communication networks, including the Internet, as a result of the advancement of technology has fundamentally changed how individuals obtain information and communicate. Increased collaboration, higher efficiency, and more access to information and resources have all been made possible by the widespread usage of networks and communication.

A group of objects (commonly referred to as nodes) connected by communication links is refer to as a network. Alternatively, a network is just a collection of two or more connected computers. A computer, printer, or any other device that can send and/or receive data produced by other nodes on the network qualifies as a node.

Advantages of a Network Information sharing – Approved users can access and share data and information on other machines connected to the network. Special group projects, databases, etc. may fall under this category. Hardware sharing allows multiple people to share a single network-connected equipment like a printer or scanner. Software sharing – A program can be install on the server rather than being bought and installed on each computer.

Network Criteria:

A network must meet the following network criteria:
A group of objects (commonly referred to as nodes) connected by communication links is refer to as a network. Alternatively, a network is just a collection of two or more connected computers. A computer, printer, or any other device that can send and/or receive data produced by other nodes on the network qualifies as a node. Advantages of a Network Information sharing – Approved users can access and share data and information on other machines connected to the network. Special group projects, databases, etc.

may fall under this category. Performance is evaluate based on transit and response times, as well as user, medium, hardware, and software factors. The frequency of failures serves as a gauge of reliability. Security: It guards against unauthorized access to data.
Risks of network computing: The security of a computer network is challenged every day by:
.Equipment failures
.Systemic issues
.Computer criminals
.Virus outbreaks
There are three different types of networks: LAN, MAN, and WAN. Depending on a network’s size, ownership, coverage area, and physical architecture, it will fall into one of several categories.

LAN:

This privately owned network connects the devices in a single office, structure, or campus. Its radius is only a few kilometers. It is to enable resource sharing between workstations or personal computers, including hardware, software, and data. Typically, a given LAN will only employ one kind of transmission medium. The bus, ring, and star LAN topologies are the most popular.

Applications for LAN There are several applications for a local area network (LAN), such as: Several devices, including computers, printers, and storage devices, can share resources thanks to a LAN.

MAN:

It is intend to cover the whole city. A business can utilize MAN to link the LANs in every one of its offices located throughout a city. It could be a service offered by a public corporation or entirely owned and run by a private company (local telephone company).
Uses of MAN : In a geographic area that is larger than a LAN (Local Area Network) but smaller than a WAN, users are connect to computer resources through a form of computer network called a MAN, or metropolitan area network.

Common applications for a MAN include: sharing of information and resources between various areas of a city or metropolitan area. LAN networking within a city or large metropolitan area. providing broadband services like video conferencing, telephony, and internet access.

supplying centralized facilities for data processing and storage. supporting applications for streaming video and data. tying distant offices into the primary company network. WAN: It offers long-distance data transmission across a nation, a continent, or even the entire world. maybe entirely controlled and owned by a single business.

WAN:

It offers long-distance data transmission across a nation, a continent, or even the entire world. The term “business network” could refer to a network that is entirely owned and run by a single company.
Uses of WAN : A computer network that spans a wide geographic region, such as a city, country, or even the entire world, is refer to as a “wide area network,” or WAN. Common applications of WAN include: connecting distant places to the main office or headquarters, such as branch offices and telecommuters. Sharing resources, such as printers and servers, among multiple locations. fostering collaboration and communication between partners, customers, and staff. granting remote access to company data and apps. supporting initiatives for teleworking and remote work. providing services for virtual private networks (VPNs), managed networks, and internet access. allowing for the transmission of huge data files and multimedia.

Uses of Network and Communication :

Modern life depends heavily on network and communication systems, which are use for a variety of purposes, such as:
Data transmission: is the process through which files, pictures, and videos are transfer from one computer or device to another. Employees can access company resources, such as software and data, from a distance using remote access.

E-commerce: The facilitation of internet business and transactions, including online banking and purchasing.

Telecommuting: Using network and communication services, employees can work from home or other remote locations. Real-time audio and video communication between individuals or groups in various locations is possible via teleconferencing.

.Sharing resources between several computers and users, including storage devices, scanners, and printers.

Internet gaming: Providing access to online games and bringing together people from around the world.

Cloud computing: Offering online access to apps and shared computing resources.
Social networking is the process of bringing individuals together via websites like Facebook and Twitter.

Internet of Things (IoT): Linking to and interacting with smart gadgets and other IoT-capable items.

Issues of Network and Communication :

The performance and dependability of these systems can suffer from a number of problems that can occur in a network and communication environment. Typical issues include:

Network congestion: When a network is overload from heavy traffic, performance suffers and packets are drop
. Threats to network and data security include viruses, malware, hacking, and other security lapses. Network performance can be significantly impacted by interference from other devices and signals, which can result in missed packets and sluggish speeds.

Data transmission delays brought on by great distances or overloaded network channels are call as latency. Several hardware and software platforms may not be compatible with one another, which might cause connectivity issues.

Errors in configuration: Inadequate configuration of network hardware and software can lead to connectivity problems and poor performance.

Out-of-date hardware and software: Out-of-date network components can affect performance, pose a security risk, and cause compatibility issues.

Scalability problems: The network could not be able to handle rising demand, which would result in deteriorating performance and network outages.

Network outages, hardware malfunctions, and other reliability and availability problems can have an impact on how the network operates.